Nanomaterial characterization refers to the analytical techniques used to measure and verify nanoparticle properties, ensuring materials meet required specifications and perform as intended in their applications.
Essential Characterization Techniques:
Morphology and Structure:
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Visualizes particle shape, size, and surface features
- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides atomic-level structural information
- X-Ray Diffraction (XRD): Identifies crystal structure, phase purity, and crystallite size
Size and Distribution:
- Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Measures particle size distribution in liquid suspensions
- Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA): Counts and sizes individual particles
- Laser Diffraction: Determines particle size distributions in powders and suspensions
Chemical Composition:
- X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): Quantifies elemental composition
- Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS): Identifies elements and their distribution
- Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP): Measures trace metal concentrations and purity
Surface Properties:
- Zeta Potential: Indicates surface charge and dispersion stability
- BET Surface Area: Measures specific surface area and porosity
- FTIR Spectroscopy: Identifies surface functional groups and coatings
Performance Testing: Application-specific tests such as antimicrobial efficacy (ISO 22196), UV absorption, conductivity, catalytic activity, or drug release profiles validate that nanomaterials perform as required in their intended applications.
Quality Control Importance: Comprehensive characterization at every production scale ensures consistent material properties and enables regulatory compliance, particularly for medical, pharmaceutical, and consumer applications where material quality directly impacts safety and efficacy.