Nanomaterial characterization refers to the analytical techniques used to measure and verify nanoparticle properties, ensuring materials meet required specifications and perform as intended in their applications. 

Essential Characterization Techniques: 

Morphology and Structure: 

• Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM): Visualizes particle shape, size, and surface features 

• Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM): Provides atomic-level structural information 

• X-Ray Diffraction (XRD): Identifies crystal structure, phase purity, and crystallite size 

Size and Distribution: 

• Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS): Measures particle size distribution in liquid suspensions 

• Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA): Counts and sizes individual particles 

• Laser Diffraction: Determines particle size distributions in powders and suspensions 

Chemical Composition: 

• X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): Quantifies elemental composition 

• Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS): Identifies elements and their distribution 

• Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP): Measures trace metal concentrations and purity 

Surface Properties: 

• Zeta Potential: Indicates surface charge and dispersion stability 

• BET Surface Area: Measures specific surface area and porosity 

• FTIR Spectroscopy: Identifies surface functional groups and coatings 

Performance Testing: Application-specific tests such as antimicrobial efficacy (ISO 22196), UV absorption, conductivity, catalytic activity, or drug release profiles validate that nanomaterials perform as required in their intended applications. 

Quality Control Importance: Comprehensive characterization at every production scale ensures consistent material properties and enables regulatory compliance, particularly for medical, pharmaceutical, and consumer applications where material quality directly impacts safety and efficacy.